陕西关中地区小麦品种的发育特性

对陕西关中地区小麦品种发育特性的研究表明，随着品种更换虽然进入幼穗伸长的时间缩短，但品种未出现春性化，开花期在品种间差异不大，但二棱期至开花期的时间缩短，这是感光性减弱的结果；由于伸长期至二棱期的时间延长，从而利于增花增粒，近期育成的大穗品种多有明显的春性化，强感光性，需要加以改进。     

2006年贵州省赫章县秋季小麦条锈病调查

为了解中国新发现的小麦条锈病菌越夏区贵州省赫章县小麦条锈病秋季发生情况,2006年秋季笔者主要对该县古基乡、野马川镇、六曲河镇进行了调查,共调查119块地,自生麦病田率为55%,秋播小麦病田率为20.20%。古基乡发病较多,自生麦苗上有多个发病中心,有的秋播小麦田块亦呈现病叶较集中现象。在海拔1660-1910m范围内,都有小麦条锈病发生,说明当地越夏菌源能够为本地区秋苗发病提供充足菌量。对进一步研究内容进行了讨论并提出了赫章县小麦条锈病治理措施。     

小麦成熟胚的组织培养

【研究目的】为了筛选出小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)成熟胚(MEs)培养和遗传转化受体材料的优良基因型,【方法】以27份优良普通小麦冬性主栽品种或高代育种品系为试材,采用整粒切胚诱愈方法(endosperm-supportedmethod),对小麦成熟胚进行组织培养研究。【结果】结果表明,在成熟胚培养过程中光照、温度、培养基2,4-D浓度、基因型等因素对小麦成熟胚组织培养影响较大;同时小麦成熟胚组织培养存在着较强的基因型依赖性,不同基因型愈伤组织诱导率、分化率、成苗率的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。通过研究从27个小麦基因型中筛选出了3个适合于成熟胚整粒切胚诱愈的基因型,即山农2618、泰山021、河北341,他们的成苗率分别达到了15.38%、25.27%、21.33%。【结论】小麦成熟胚组织培养优良基因型的筛选,为以后小麦的遗传转化和应用基因工程技术进行遗传改良奠定了基础。     

小麦抗白粉病种质的创新利用

以簇毛麦为抗源,采用杂交与生物技术相结合的方法,将簇毛麦的抗白粉病基因导入小麦,选育出农艺性状较好、抗白粉病的小麦新种质和高产、抗白粉病的小麦新品种。经AFLP分析,确定抗白粉病种质均含有一段簇毛麦的DNA。     

Water and nitrogen interaction on soil profile water extraction and ET in maize-wheat cropping system

In the present study, water and nitrogen interaction on soil profile water extraction and evapo-transpiration (ET) was investigated taking a field experiment on a clay loam soil (Typic Haplustept) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi with four consecutive crops (maize-wheat-maize-wheat) taken from July 2002 to April 2004. Three levels of water regime, namely W1, W2 and W3 referring to limited, medium and maximum irrigation were applied to each crop depending on the seasonal rainfall and the critical crop growth stage. The three water regimes were used with five nitrogen levels from T1 to T5, (T1, 0% N; T2, 75% N; T3, 100% N; T4, 150% N; T5, 100% N from organic source) in a split plot design for the four crops grown in sequence.Significant water and nitrogen interaction was observed for ET and soil profile water extraction pattern. Averaged across nitrogen treatments, ET in W2 and W3 were higher by 17 and 26%, respectively than W1 in maize 2002 and by 12 and 19% in maize 2003. In case of wheat, ET in W2 and W3 were higher by 27 and 58% than W1 in 1st crop and by 37 and 70% in 2nd crop. The effect of nitrogen regime, however, was prominent in both crops of maize and wheat, with significantly higher profile soil moisture depletion in T4 of each water regime. In all cases, lowest water depletion was observed in control plots receiving 0% N.In both crops, water extraction from surface 60 cm was highest in W3 followed by W2 and W1. In maize, the % extraction from 0 to 60 cm layer varied from 71 to 76% (W1), 70-79% (W2) and 75-82% (W3), whereas the values for wheat were 70-77, 72-79 and 75-83% for W1, W2 and W3, respectively. The 90-120 cm layer contributed only 3-14% to total water extraction in both the crops. From 90 to 120 cm layer, higher extraction was observed in W1 as compared to W3. The extraction values in W1, W2 and W3 in maize were 9-13, 7-14 and 3-9, respectively, whereas the corresponding values in wheat were 8-14, 5-12 and 3-7% for the three water regimes. Effect of nitrogen treatments on water extraction from deeper layer was observed with higher extraction in highest fertilized treatment (T4) as compared to other treatments.     

Water use of spring wheat to raise water productivity

In semi-arid environments with a shortage of water resources and a risk of overexplotation of water supplies, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a crop that can reduce water use and increase water productivity, because it takes advantage of spring rainfall and is harvested before the evaporative demands of summer. We carried out an experiment in 2003 at “Las Tiesas” farm, located between Barrax and Albacete (Central Spain), to improve accuracy in the estimation of wheat evapotranspiration (ETc) by using a weighing lysimeter. The measured seasonal ETc averages (5.63 mm day⁻¹) measured in the lysimeter was 417 mm compared to the calculated ETc values (5.31 mm day⁻¹) calculated with the standard FAO methodology of 393 mm. The evapotranspiration crop coefficient (Kc) derived from lysimetric measurements was Kc-mid: 1.20 and Kc-end: 0.15. The daily lysimeter Kc values were fit to the evolution linearly related to the green cover fraction (fc), which follows the crop development pattern. Seasonal soil evaporation was estimated as 135 mm and the basal crop coefficient approach was calculated in this study, Kcb which separates crop transpiration from soil evaporation (evaporation coefficient, Ke) was calculated and related to the green cover fraction (fc) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained by field radiometry in case of wheat. The results obtained by this research will permit the reduction of water use and improvement of water productivity for wheat, which is of vital importance in areas of limited water resources.     

小麦蠕孢菌叶枯病(HLB)病原的研究概况

对蠕孢菌的病原分类历史、病原的致病变异以及其寄主范围进行了全面的叙述,为进一步研究提供参考。     

添加麸皮与纤维素酶对笋壳青贮后氰甙含量的影响

[目的]研究添加麸皮与纤维素酶对笋壳青贮后氰甙含量的影响。[方法]采用异烟酸—吡唑啉酮比色法研究添加麸皮与纤维素酶对笋壳青贮后氰甙含量的影响。[结果]添加麸皮与纤维素酶均可降低笋壳青贮后的氰甙含量。麸皮添加水平越高,青贮笋壳毒性越低,当麸皮添加水平为15%时笋壳青贮后氰甙含量最低。[结论]该研究可为笋壳饲料的资源化利用提供理论依据。     

Anatomical Characteristics of the Formation of Crown Root Primordia in Unelongated Stems of Wheat

Abstract

Anatomical observations were conducted to clarify some characteristics of the crown root primordia (CRP) formation in wheat stems. Unelongated portions of main stems were sampled from the plant at 3.2 and 7.2 plant age in leaf number, which were adopted as indexes because of the similarity to rice plants. Then, serial cross sections were made to investigate the position of CRP in the unelongated stem taking into consideration the running of vascular bundles in the stem. CRP were formed just outside tissues of the peripheral cylinder of longitudinal vascular bundles. The positions of CRP were not successive along the stem axis. They showed no definite relation to the running of vascular bundles. Diameters of CRP at the upper portion of the stems were larger than those at the lower portion. The positions of CRP along the stem axis were not distinguishable into nodal and internodal position. CRP and emerged CRs were not classified by the well-known ‘nodal root’ or ‘shoot unit root’, or the ‘unit’, which have been applied recently to rice plants. Further studies are necessary to clarify the factors controlling CRP formation anatomically and quantitatively.     

暖冬对皖北地区小麦生育前期若干指标的影响

研究了暖冬对皖北地区小麦生育前期若干指标的影响.结果表明,暖冬导致生育前期旺长,形成过多的茎蘖数、较大的群体叶面积及较高的干物质积累量;暖冬使小麦生育进程提前,麦苗抗冻性降低,遭遇低温时易遭受冻害,废弃物含量增加.